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prevention of cervical

What is prevention?

  • NChanging lifestyle or eating habits.
  • NAvoiding things known to cause cancer.
  • NTaking medicines to treat

A precancerous condition or to keep cancer from starting.

Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:

KEY POINTS

  • NReduced pain
  • NAvoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer.

The following are risk factors for cervical cancer:

  • NHPV infection
  • NDES

In women who are infected with HPV, other risk factors add to the increased risk of cervical cancer:

  • NGiving birth to many children
  • NUsing oral contraceptives for a long time
  • NSmoking cigarettes

The following increase the risk of HPV infection:

  • NHaving a weakened immune system
  • NBeing sexually active at a young age or having many sexual partners

The following protective factors decrease the risk of cervical cancer:

  • NAvoiding sexual activity
  • N Getting an HPV vaccine
  • NUsing barrier protection during sexual activity
  • NCancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
  • NNew ways to prevent cervical cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer.

Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.

The following are risk factors for cervical cancer:

HPV infection

Cervical cancer is almost always caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection that is spread through sexual contact. There are more than 80 types of human papillomavirus and about 30 of these can infect the cervix. HPV types 16 and 18 are most often linked to cervical cancer. Most of the time, the body’s immune system can fight the HPV infection before cancer forms. Only a very small number of women infected with HPV develop cervical cancer.

DES

Being exposed to a drug called diethylstilbestrol (DES) while in the mother’s womb increases the risk of cervical dysplasia and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. Between 1940 and 1971, DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States to prevent miscarriage (premature birth of a fetus that cannot survive) and premature labor.

In women who are infected with HPV, other risk factors add to the increased risk of cervical cancer:

Giving birth to many children

Among women who are infected with HPV, those who have had 7 or more full-term pregnancies have an increased risk of cervical cancer.

Using oral contraceptives for a long time

Among women who are infected with HPV, those who have used oral contraceptives (“the Pill”) for 5 to 9 years have a risk of cervical cancer that is 3 times greater than that of women who have never used oral contraceptives. The risk is 4 times greater after 10 or more years of use. In women who stop taking oral contraceptives, over a 10 year period, the risk of cervical cancer returns to that of women who never used oral contraceptives.

Smoking Cigarettes

Among women who are infected with HPV, those who either smoke cigarettes or breathe in secondhand smoke have an increased risk of cervical cancer. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and how long the woman has smoked. Current and former smokers have 2 to 3 times the risk of cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer

The following protective factors decrease the risk of cervical cancer:

Note: Screening with the Pap test and the HPV DNA test reduces the number of new cases of cervical cancer.

Avoiding Sexual Activity

Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection, which is spread through sexual activity. Women who are not sexually active have almost no risk of cervical cancer

Using barrier protection during sexual activity

Some methods used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) decrease the risk of HPV infection. The use of a barrier method of birth control, such as a condom or diaphragm, helps protect against HPV infection.

Getting an HPV vaccine

Vaccines that protect against HPV infection greatly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. These vaccines do not protect women who are already infected with HPV. These vaccines have been shown to prevent infection with the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. Protection against HPV infection lasts for 6 to 8 years. It is not known if the protection lasts longer. Harms of HPV vaccines include dizziness, feeling faint, headache, fever, and redness, tenderness, or warmth at the place of injection. Allergic reactions are rare. Getting the HPV vaccine while pregnant does not have a harmful effect on the pregnancy.